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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate herpes zoster reactivation induced by arsenic in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 212 patients with APL treated in the Department of Hematology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from 2008 to 2019 were retrospectively analyzed to observe the activation of varicella zoster virus induced by arsenic. Kaplan-Meier analysis, chi-square test, and boxplot were used to analyze and describe the cumulative dose of arsenic and the time from the beginning of arsenic treatment to the occurrence of herpes zoster.@*RESULTS@#Excluding early death cases and early automatic discharge cases, 17 cases developed herpes zoster reactivation in 175 patients with APL treated with arsenic, and the cumulative median dose of arsenic was 6.2(2-12) mg/kg. Precise risk of reactivation of herpes zoster with 10 months in APL patients treated by arsenic was 9.7%.@*CONCLUSION@#Arsenic treatment can induce high reactivation rate of herpes zoster virus.
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Humans , Arsenic , Herpes Zoster/epidemiology , Herpesvirus 3, Human , Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/drug therapy , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Conventional eye treatment formulation such as eye drops has shortcomings including low drug utilization and poor patient compliance. The contact lens(CL), well-known as visual correction lens, is considered to be a more promising ophthalmic drug delivery vehicle owing to its good biocompatibility, long-term wearing comfort, prolonged drug residence time and improved bioavailability. In order to improve the drug loading efficiency and prolong the release time, researchers have developed a variety of strategies to modify traditional CL, including the introduction of vitamin E molecular barrier, application of molecular imprinting technology of CL, increasing interactions between the drug and polymer matrix by introducing special genes, and incorporation of nanocarriers or drug-loaded polymer films. In this paper, the preparation methods and pros and cons of drug-loaded CL are reviewed. At last, the existing problems and future developments of CL as ophthalmic drug delivery carrier are briefly discussed.
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Three diarylheptanoids were isolated from the n-butanol fraction of Zingiber officinale peel by MCI Gel CHP-20, Sephadex LH-20, ODS and semipreparative high performance liquid chromatography. Their structures were identified by MS and NMR spectroscopy techniques: (2S,2'S,3R,3'R,4R,4'R,6R,6'R)-6,6'-bis((S)-1-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl)-2,2'-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)octahydro-2H,2'H-[3,3'-bipyran]-4,4'-diol (1), (E)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)hept-4-en-3-one (2), and alpinin B (3). Compound 1 is a new compound, and compounds 2-3 were obtained from Zingiber officinale peel for the first time.
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Five monoterpenoid compounds(1-5) were isolated and purified from the acetone fraction of the aqueous extract of Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens by MCI, Sephadex LH-20, silica gel, semi-preparative HPLC, and TLC. Their structures were identified with multiple spectroscopical methods including 1 D-NMR, 2 D-NMR, and MS. The five compounds were identified as(2E,6Z)-8-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl-(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) acrylate(1),(2E,6E)-8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-die-noic acid(2),(E)-1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenoic acid(3), linalyl-β-D-glucopyranoside(4), and β-D-glucopyranoside-(2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(5), respectively.Compound 1 was a new monoterpene ester, and compounds 4-5 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
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Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Esters , Monoterpenes , RhizomeABSTRACT
We separated and purified five chemical constituents of dried ginger by Diaion HP-20, Sephadex LH-20, silica gel and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography. Five gingerols were identified by physicochemical properties and MS and NMR spectroscopy techniques: 4-(2-butyl-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-yl)-2-methoxyphenol (1), 4-(2-hexyl-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-yl)-2-methoxyphenol (2), 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)tridecane-3,5-diol (3), [10]-gingerdiol (4) and 1-[1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl)-3-oxodecan-5-yl]pyrrolidin-2-one (5a, 5b). Compounds 1-3, 5a, 5b are new compounds.
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The chemical constituents of Zingiber officinale peel were isolated and purified by various chromatographic separation techniques such as Diaion HP-20, MCI Gel CHP-20, Sephadex LH-20, ODS, silica gel and semi-preparative HPLC. Seven terpenoids were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data: (4R,6S)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-4-ol (1), 4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-isopropylcyclohex-2-ene-3,4-diol (2), 3,5,6-trihydroxy-7-megastigmen-9-one (3), 3-(3-hydroxybutyl)-2,4,4-trimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one (4), angelicoidenol (5), grasshopper ketone (6), and dihydrophaseic acid (7), in which compounds 1, 2 are new compounds, named: (4R,6S)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-4-ol and 4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-isopropylcyclohex-2-ene-3,4-diol, and compounds 3-7 were obtained from this plant for the first time.
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The aim of this paper was to discuss the protective effect and mechanism of Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharides( ASPs) on immunological liver injury caused by conanavalin A( Con A). BALB/c mice were randomly divided into seven groups: control group,model group( Con A),low-,medium-,and high-dose( 36. 25,72. 5,145 mg·kg~(-1)) ASPs groups,bifendate( 200 mg·kg~(-1),positive drug) group and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate( PDTC,NF-κB inhibitor,200 mg·kg~(-1)) group. ASPs groups and bifendate group were given with corresponding drugs by ig administration once daily for 7 d. Control group,model group and PDTC group were given with normal saline by ig administration once daily for 7 d. After the last ig administration,PDTC was given in DTC group by iv administration( 200 mg·kg~(-1)); 0. 5 h after that,Con A( 20 mg·kg~(-1)) was injected via the tail vein to induce immunological liver injury in all the mice except normal control group. The mice were killed 8 h later and their liver tissues were collected for histopathological examination. The contents of nitric oxide( NO),superoxide dismutase( SOD),malondialdehyde( MDA),reduced glutathione( GSHPX),interleukin( IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor( TNF-α) in liver tissues were detected by kit assay. Western blot method was used to detect TNF-α,intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1( ICAM-1),inducible nitric oxide synthase( i NOS) and nuclear factor( NF-κB) protein expression in liver tissues. As compared with model group,ASPs not only could reduce the activity of MDA,NO,IL-1β and TNF-α,but also increase the content of GSH-PX and SOD; at the same time,the protein expression levels of TNF-α,ICAM-1,i NOS and NF-κB were reduced in liver tissues; in addition,inflammatory cell infiltration was alleviated,hepatocyte cytoplasm was loose and swollen,and nuclear condensation and staining were improved. ASPs has a protective effect on immunological liver injury,and the mechanism may be associated with regulating secretion of inflammatory cytokines and the expression of adhesion factor through NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Animals , Mice , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury , Drug Therapy , Cytokines , Metabolism , Eleutherococcus , Chemistry , Liver , Mice, Inbred BALB C , NF-kappa B , Metabolism , Peptides, Cyclic , Polysaccharides , Pharmacology , Random Allocation , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of modified Erchentang (Juhong Tanke liquid) on children bronchitis with syndrome of sputum, cough, dys-expectoration, wheezing and pulmonary function. Method:A total of 200 children patients aged below 24 months were randomly divided into control group and observation group by random number table, with 100 cases in each group. Children in each group received basic clinical treatment, while children in treatment group was also given modified Erchentang (Juhong Tanke liquid), 2-5 mL each time, 3 times a day. Both groups were treated for 15 days. Clinical respiratory tract symptom and sign scores, cough, sputum, dys-expectoration and wheezing were evaluated and compared. Pulmonary function was detected before and after treatment for 15 days. Analysis parameters were respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume per kilogram (VT/kg), inspiratory/expiratory (TI/TE), peak time of expiratory flow (TPTEF), time to peak ratio (TPTEF/TE), peak expiratory flow (PEF), volume in peak time of expiratory flow (VPTEF), volume ratio in peak flow (PFV), terminal flows per peak expiratory flow (25/PF), rate of mid-expiratory to mid-inspiratory flow (ME/MI), respiratory resistance (Rrs), functional residual capacity per kilogram (FRC/kg) and compliance per kilogram (Crs/kg). Result:After treatment for 5 days, both groups have obviously alleviation in sputum, cough, dys-expectoration wheezing and airway function. After treatment for 5 days, sputum, cough, dys-expiratory and wheezing in treatment group were all alleviated comparing with those of control group (PConclusion:Modified Erchentang (Juhong Tanke liquid) has shown marked efficacy in children bronchitis to alleviate clinical symptoms and improve pulmonary function, with no adverse reaction, and thus is worth further promotion and application in clinic.
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Objective To explore the effects of carboxyamidotriazole (CAI) on cytokines production by peritoneal macrophages from adjuvant arthritis(AA) rats in vitro. Methods Freund's completed adjuvant was used to induce AA in rats.Peritoneal macrophages were prepared from asepsis and incubated with CAI(10,20,40 μmol/L).The contents of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 in the culture supernatant were measured by ELISA,and mRNA expressions of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 were determined by real-time quantitative PCR.NF-κB p65 DNA binding activity in the nu-clear protein was detected with TransAM kit. Results The level of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 in the culture superna-tant, their intracellular mRNA expression and NF-κB p65 DNA-binding activity in peritoneal macrophages of AA rats were significantly inhibited by CAI (20 and 40 μmol/L) (P<0.05 and P<0.01).Conclusions CAI may de-crease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 through inhibiting the activa-tion of NF-κB,which is potentially associated with its anti-arthritic mechanisms.
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Objective To establish a culture method of mouse submandibular epithelial cells and to explore the optimal isolation and culture conditions so as to provide an in vitro experimental model for cell biology study and drug evaluation of salivary gland related diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome. Methods Collagenase type Ⅳ was used to digest and isolate the submandibular cells of mice. And the survival rate of cells was determined by trypan blue stai-ning. After purified by differential attachment method, the cells were cultured in F-12/DMEM medium containing10 μg/L epidermal growth factor. Optical microscope was applied to observe the morphology of the cultured cells and the cell proliferation feature was estimated by proliferation curve. In addition, immunofluorescence staining was conducted to identify the cells. Results The cell survival rate obtained by collagenase digestion was 97.5％. The morphology characteristic showed the typical epithelioid with polygon in the arrangement of typical " pebble stone" appearance. The cells were stable in growth with active proliferation according to the proliferation curve and could be subcultured to three passages. Immunofluorescence results showed that the expression of cytokeratin 8 was positive while vimentin was negative, which was consistent with the phenotypic characteristics of salivary gland cells. Conclusions The method of primary culture and subculture of mouse submandibular epithelial cells was successfully established. The method is easy to operate, which provide a potential method basis for further research study.
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· AIM:To investigate the correlation between retinal thickness (CSRT) in the macular region and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.· METHODS:Totally 39 cases of patients with diabetes (77 eyes) who screened from May 2016 to March 2017 were selected,and were divided into two groups according to the levels of HbA1c,which the 24 cases (47 eyes) in the low HbA1c group (HbA1c＜8％) and 15 cases (30 eyes) in high HbA1c group (HbA1c≥8％).Other 22 cases of normal people (normal control group) and who for healthy physical examination were selected in the same period.Then,the correlation between HbA1c level and CSRT were analyzed by the Spearman correlation analysis.· RESULTS:In the high HbA1c group,HbA1c was (10.45±1.30)％,FBG was 10.67±1.64mmol/L and 2hPG was 15.98± 1.38mmol/L,which was higher than that in the low HbA1c group,and there was significant difference between the two groups (P＜ 0.05).The CSRT in the normal group was lower than the low HbA1c group and the high HbA1c group,and there was significant difference between the groups (P＜ 0.05).According to the analysis of the Spearman method,there was positive correlation between HbA1c and CSRT,macular volume,average macular thickness,FBG and those parameters,2hPG and them (P＜0.01).· CONCLUSION:The HbA1c level is associated with retinal thickening in the macular region of patients with diabetes,which could predict the severity of diabetic retinopathy and provide important guidance for prevention and treatment.
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Objectives:To analyze the effectsof family doctor contracting service on the integration of medical care and prevention and its mechanism. Methods:Based on the representative sampling, 541 family doctors from seven districts were surveyed, and focus group and personal interviews were conducted withfamily doctors and other relevant informants. Descriptive statistical analysis was mainly used to analyze quantitative data and NVIVO 9. 0 was used for encoded qualitative data. Results ; Different contracted service models have different effects on medical protection on medical care and prevention. The contractingservice with the family doctor is helpful to facilitate the integration of medical care and preventive treatment ; the signing service that helps the team members to get effective incentives and personal paid contracts can help promote the combination of medical defense and preventive treatment ; whereby the service content includes basic medical treatment. Moreover, signing a family doctor contract with public health services can also help promote medical integration. Suggestions :Family doctor contracting services should implement team and individual contracted services. Designing a comprehensive service package that integrates basic public health service projects and basic medical and personalized health management services should be prioritized to reflect the concept of covered medical care and preventive treatment. A new approach to explore the path of integration of basic public health and medical insurance fundsshould be found to strengthen the combination of medical and preventive measures, and promote the transformation of general practitioners from service gatekeepers to health gatekeepers.
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Objective: To compare and analyze the patient perceived quality of care in primary health institutions within medical groups from the experience of Zhenjiang city in Jiangsu Province. Methods : Random selection was used picking the districts and community health centers. In this paper, one district was randomly selected from each medical group,and then one community health center (CHC) was randomly selected in the sample district. The Primary Care Assessment Tool survey (PCAT) was conducted in the sample primary health institutions. Thereafter, data analysis was conducted using the ddescriptive statistics and multi-linear regression methods. Results : Research results showed that the PCAT total score of CHC in Rehabilitation Medical Group (25. 21 ) was significantly higher than that in Jiangbin Medical Group (23.06) with the variation coefficient of β =2. 191. Except for the "extent of affiliation with a place" and " coordination (information systems),,,PCAT scores in all the other core domains were significantly higher in Rehabilitation Medical Group than those in Jiangbin Medical Group. Conclusion : Given the PCAT results, patients perception on quality of care in primary health institutions figuring in Rehabilitation Medical Group was better than those in Jiangbin Medical Group. The close relationship in management and technical skills, and the formation of interest allocation mechanism probably probably contributed into the way towards the results.
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Objectives:This paper intends to analyze the financing policies of integrating NCMS and URBMI in terms of equity. Methods:Data on the financing of NCMS and URBMI from 2008 to 2015 were collected from the China health statistics yearbook (2009—2012) the China health and Family Planning Statistics yearbook(2013—2016),the National Handbook of NCMS Information(2008—2015),the China human resources and social security statistics year-book (2009—2016),and the China social security yearbook(2009—2015)."Ability to pay"approach was introduced to measure the inequity in health financing of medical insurance for urban and rural residents. The proportion of indi-vidual contributions as to NCMS and URBMI as a percentage of the per capita disposable income was used as an actual indicator to analyze the equity in health financing between rural and urban residents. Results:The URBMI had a finan-cing mechanism that was similar to that used by NCMS in that public finance accounted for more than three quarters of the pooling funds,and the individual contribution accounts for less than? of the per capita contribution amount. The scale of financing for NCMS was less than 5% of the per capita net income of rural residents and less than 2% of the per capita disposable income of urban residents for URBMI. Individual contributions to the NCMS and URBMI funds were less than 1% of their disposable and net incomes. The disparities in health financing between urban and rural resi-dents in China was not improved as expected with the introduction of NCMS and URBMI. Conclusions:The proportion of individual contributions to the URBMI and NCMS funds were small in terms of contributors'incomes. The equal financing per capita for URBMI and NCMS masks the inequality of urban and rural residents in the financing of medical insurance.
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Myopia is the highest incidence of eye disease in society, it threated people`s eye health seriously.At present, many researchers measure the structural changes of retina which caused by the extension of eye axial due to the refractive error according to the optical coherence tomography(OCT).Besides, multifocal electroretinography(mf-ERG) was used to detect the function of retina in myopia.Global flash mf-ERG can evaluate the function of retina including both outer and inner retina.Some researchers focus on the correlation between structural and functional changes in myopia using OCT and mf-ERG.More researches are needed to clarify the structural and functional changes in myopia.
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Diabetic retinopathy(DR), one of the most common retinal vascular disease, is one of the causes of blindness for people over the age of 50.In the early stage of DR, microvascular cells are damaged, expand, start to leak, form micro hemangioma, then show occlusion, and non-perfusion area come into being, eventually form new blood vessels because of ischemia and hypoxia of retina.Illness develop into proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).With the aggravation of the disease, PDR can cause the formation of fibrovascular membrane, the more serious fibrillation of epiretinal membrane, resulting in traction retinal detachment(tRD).Present studies suggest that aquaporins, the essential component of new blood vessels, including aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 4, play a significant pole in the development of diabetic retinopathy, causing the destruction of blood retinal barrier, inducing retinal edema, even macular edema, and participating in the formation of retinal angiogenesis.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the clinical efficacy for treatment of patients with peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) by HyperCVAD and CHOPCHOP-like protocols.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 97 patients with peripheral T cell lymphoma were divided into observation group (50 cases) and control group (47 cases). The patients in observation group were treated by HyperCVAD, and the patients in the control group were treated by CHOP/CHOP-like protocol. The clinical efficacy, accumulate survival rate and side effect of the 2 groups were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The remission rate in the observation group were higher than that in control group (P < 0.05); The PFS rate (1 year) in observation group was higher than that in control group (P < 0.05); the PFS rate (2 years, 3 years) was not significantly different (P > 0.05). The OS rate (1 year, 2 years, 3 years) did not show difference (P > 0.05); the number of patients with neutropenia in observation group was higher than that in control group (P < 0.05); the levels of CD4(+) CD45RA(+), CD4(+) CD45RO(+) in observation group were lower than those in control group (P < 0.05); the levels of CD4(+) and CD4(+)/CD8(+) in observation group was lower than those in control group (P < 0.05); the level of CD8(+) in observation group was higher than that in control group (P < 0.05); the incidence of pneumonia, cardiotoxicity, severe anemia, and thrombopenia were not significantly different (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HypeCVAD protocol shows good clinical effects on the patients with peripheral T cell lymphoma, displaying a high remission rate and PFS rate (1 year), but it has a high incidence of neutropenia, thus it needs more attention in clinic.</p>
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Humans , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols , Therapeutic Uses , Cyclophosphamide , Therapeutic Uses , Dexamethasone , Therapeutic Uses , Doxorubicin , Therapeutic Uses , Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral , Drug Therapy , Neutropenia , Prednisone , Therapeutic Uses , Remission Induction , Survival Rate , Treatment Outcome , Vincristine , Therapeutic UsesABSTRACT
AIM: To retrospectively analyze selection of operation, surgery effect, complications and treatment methods of super high myopia combined with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment( RRD) . METHODS:A total of 47 cases(47 eyes) with the super high myopia patients combined with RRD who accepted scleral buckling of external pressure, vitrectomy combined silicone oil filling, or intravitreous gas injection were chosen in our hospital from Jan. 1, 2011 to Jan. 1, 2016. Best corrected visual acuity ( BCVA), intraocular pressure, retinal reattached rate, closure rate of holes and the postoperative complications of patients in half year were analyzed. RESULTS:Half a year postoperation, BCVA of twenty-four cases underwent vitrectomy combined silicone oil filling were improving(71%), and eight cases with scleral buckling surgery were enhanced ( 73%) . Statistical test showed the surgical treatment could significantly improve patients'eyesight, especially PPV with silicone oil, but the BCVA of patients with scleral buckling of external pressure in this study had no obvious significance according to the rank sum test. Compare with other surgery, pars plana vitrectomy( PPV ) combined silicone oil filling had more complications, such as high intraocular pressure and diplopia. CONCLUSION: The therapy of super high myopia patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment need many years' clinical experience, surgical skill of clinician and according to the number, the shape and the site of the retinal holes and area of detached retina, they need to choose the right means of surgery, and timely deal with postoperative complications, in order to improve the patients' postoperative retina, reset rate and visual function.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study was to investigate the relationship between the adherent ability of freshly isolated MSCs with their inhibitory effect on lymphocyte activation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Human bone marrow mononucleated cells were maintained in culture for 48 hours, the attached and the non-attached cells were then cultured separately and the adherent cells were collected and passaged. Cellular surface markers were analyzed with flow cytometry. Alkaline phosphatase activity and the intracellular lipid droplets were measured by histological staining, the in vitro osteogenesis and adipogenesis were identified. One-way mixed lymphocyte reaction was used to evaluate the suppressive activity of the adherent cells on lymphocyte proliferation, the prostaglandin E2 level in supernatant of cultured cells was detected by ELISA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Some cells attached to the plastic after the bone marrow mononucleated cells were allowed to adhere for 48 hours. The slowly-attached cells were fibroblast-like in morphology, homogenously positive for CD44 and CD73 and negative for CD31 and CD45. They could be coaxed into osteoblasts and adipoblasts under the standard inductive conditions. These cells were able to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation in mixed lymphocyte reaction and their effect was more potent than those from the adherent cells appeared within 48 hours. The concentration of prostaglandin E-2 in the supernatants of the slowly-adhered cells was significantly higher than that in the MSCs cultured with the traditional method (90.8 ± 10.37 ng/ml vs 70.2 ± 8.98 ng/ml) (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The MSCs exist in the marrow mononucleated cells after adherent culture for 48 hours, and the MSCs may exhibit more potently inhibitory activity on lymphocyte activation.</p>
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Humans , Adipogenesis , Bone Marrow , Bone Marrow Cells , Cell Culture Techniques , Cell Proliferation , Cells, Cultured , Flow Cytometry , Lymphocyte Activation , Mesenchymal Stem Cells , Osteoblasts , OsteogenesisABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study whether infantile wheezing pneumonia has similar immune mechanisms to asthma by determining the levels of serum inflammatory factors in wheezing infants with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-two infants with CAP but without wheezing, 47 infants with CAP and wheezing, and 30 healthy infants as a control were recruited in the study. The peripheral blood levels of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-l, interferon-γ, interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and periostin were compared in the three groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The serum levels of procalcitonin, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-l, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 in the two CAP groups were higher than in the control group (P<0.05). The ratio of interferon-γ/interleukin-4 in the wheezing pneumonia group was lower than in the non-wheezing pneumonia and control groups (P<0.05). The serum level of periostin in the wheezing pneumonia group was higher than in the non-wheezing pneumonia and control groups (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The unbalanced ratio of interferon-γ/interleukin-4 and airway eosinophilic inflammation in wheezing infants with pneumonia suggest infantile pneumonia with wheezing may has similar immune mechanisms to asthma.</p>